tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26467405351514867412024-02-21T04:31:01.198-08:00Obat Kardiovaskuler.Erwin Syafitarini NErwin Syafitarini Ningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05336291296349872893noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2646740535151486741.post-38128733960556326992010-12-24T21:45:00.000-08:002010-12-28T17:09:54.393-08:00Obat Kardiovaskuler<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 36pt; line-height: 150%;">Kardiovaskuler<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WzrML874gcipPrD6JMMlm_1OFCNlZ26rlXdNg49FEsiJ0LRQE0uuQhO_UUmKnMx7S8a8arm0uFFhL2yQDsHCQl_y8eEd6yKusDdLb1a5_Iva9Lu0kGgHkKxglVRgAh4cmU0KEptGVfJ4/s1600/jantung_tampak_depan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-WzrML874gcipPrD6JMMlm_1OFCNlZ26rlXdNg49FEsiJ0LRQE0uuQhO_UUmKnMx7S8a8arm0uFFhL2yQDsHCQl_y8eEd6yKusDdLb1a5_Iva9Lu0kGgHkKxglVRgAh4cmU0KEptGVfJ4/s320/jantung_tampak_depan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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</tbody></table><span lang="SV">Sistem Kardiovaskuler terdiri atas 3 bagian yang salin mempengaruhi yaitu jantung (untuk memompa), pembuluh darah (mengedarkan / mengalirkan), dan darah (menyimpan dan mengatur). Interaksi antara ketiganya dibawah kendali sistem saraf dan hormon untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan dinamis oksigen dalam sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Jantung adalah organ yang mensirkulasi darah teroksigenasi ke paru-paru untuk pertukarab gas. Terpisahnya ruangan dalam jantubg mencegah terjadinya percampuran antara daerah yang menerima darah yang tidak teroksigenasi dari Vena Cava Superior, Vena Cava Inferior, dan sistem coroner. Gangguan aliran dalam jantung mengakibatkan oksigenasi tidak adekut, darah arteri, dan vena yang tercamput mengakibatkan perfusi sel-sel berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Jantung terletak di dalam rongga Mediastinum dari rongga dada (Thoraks), diantara kedua paru-paru. Selaput yang mengitari jantung disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Perikardium</i>, yang terdiri atas 2 lapisan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Perikardium Parietais</span></i><span lang="SV">, yaitu lapisan luar yang melekat pada tulang dada dan selaput paru.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Perikardium Viseralis</span></i><span lang="SV">, yaitu lapisan permukaan jantung itu sendiri, yang juga disebut Epikardium<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Diantara kedua lapisan selaput tersebut, terdapat cairan pelumas yang berfungsi mengurangi gesekan yang timbul akibat gerak jantung saat memompa. Cairan ini disebut Cairan Perikardium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Fungsi utama Jantung adalah menyediakan oksigen ke seluruh tubuh dan membersihkan tubh dari hasil metabolisme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(karbondioksida)</i>. Jantung melaksanakan fungsi tersebut dengan mengumpulkan darah yang kekurangan oksigen dari seluruh tubuh dan menompanya ke dalam paru-paru, dimana darah akan mengambil oksigen dan membuang karbondioksida; jantung kemudian mengumpulkan darah yang kaya oksigen dari paru-paru dan memompanya ke jaringan di seluruh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Pada saat berdenyut, setiap ruang jantung mengendur dan terisi darah (disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diastol</i>); selanjutnya jantung berkontraksi dan memompa darah keluar dari ruang jantung (disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sistol</i>). Kedua atrium mengendur dan berkonktraksi secara bersamaan, dan kedua ventrikel juga mengendur dan berkontraksi secara bersamaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Sirkulasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sirkulasi Paru (Pulmonalis)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Darah dari Jantung (ventrikel kanan) melalui arteri Pulmonalis masuk ke paru </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> vena Pulmonalismasuk ke Jantung (atrium kiri).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sirkulasi Sistemik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Darah dari Sirkulasi Sistemik melalui Vena Cava Superior dan Inferior masuk ke atrium kanan </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> ventrikel kanan melalui katup Trikuspidalis (katup AV kanan) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> Trunkus Pulmonalis melalui katup semilunaris Pulmonalis </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> arteri Pulmonalis </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> Paru (terjadi pertukaran gas, CO<sub>2</sub> dikeluarkan ke saluran nafas dan O<sub>2</sub> didfusi ke darah yang terjadi di Alveoli) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> vena Pulmonalis </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> atrium kiri </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> katup Bicuspidalis (katup Mitralis) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> ventrikel kiri </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> aorta Ascendens melalui katup Semilunar aorta diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh melalui arteri </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> Arteriol </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> jaringan (ke sel) </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> Venule </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> vena </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span><span lang="SV"> Vena Cava Superior dan Inferior<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sirkulasi Koronari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Arteri Koroner berawal dari Basis Aorta Asendens. Untuk menjamin pasokan darah jantung, arteri Koroner memiliki banyak Anastomosis. Hambatan pada sirkulasi koroner, apakah karena spasme atau sumbatan, akan menimbulkan Iskhemia Miokardium dan bila tidak segera diatasi akan terjadi Infark Miokardium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Darah merupakan media transportasi oksigen, karbondioksida, dan metabolit. Jadi darah merupakan pengatur keseimbangan asam basa, pengontrol suhu, dan pengatur hormon. Darah berisi elemen – elemen yang mengangkut oksigen ke sel jaringan, phagositosishomeostatis, dan fibrinolisis. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Darah terdiri dari plasma, sel darah merah (Eritrosit), sel darah putih (Lekosit), dan platelet. Plasma, terdiri dari 90% air dan 10% zat terlarut, merupakan 55% dari volume darah total. Terlarut dalam plasma adalah glukosa, protein, lemak, asam amino, elektrolit, mineral, asam laktat dan piruvat, hormon, enzim, oksigen, dan karbon dioksida.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span lang="SV">Fungsi utama dari darah adalah menyediakan nutrien, termasuk oksigen, untuk sel-sel tubuh. Kebanyakkan dari oksigen dibawa di dalam hemoglobin dari sel darah merah (SDM). Sel darah putih (SDP) merupakan mekanisme pertahan utama dari tubuh dan bekerja dengan melahap mikroorganisme. SDP juga menghasilkan antibodi. Platelet merupakan sel-sel besar yang menyebabkan darah membeku. SDM mempunyai daur hidup sekitar 120 hari, sedangkan daur hidup SDP hanya 2 sampai 24 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat Kardiovaskuler yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat – Obat Untuk Gangguan Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Tiga kelompok obat yaitu Glikosida jantung, Antiagina, dan Antiaritmia. Obat – obat dalam kelompok ini mengatur kontraksi jantung, frekuensi, irama jantung, dan aliran darah ke miokardium (otot jantung).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikosida Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Digitalis, salah atu dari obat – obat tertua, di pakai sejak tuhan 1200, dan sampai kini masih terus dipakai dalam bentuk yang telah dimurnikan. Digitalis dihasilkan dari tumbuhan foxglove ungu dan putih, dapat bersifat racun. Pada tahun 1785, William Withering dari Inggris menggunakan digitalis untuk menyembuhkan ”sakit bengkak”, yaitu edema pada ekstremitas akibat insufisiensi ginjal dan jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Preparat digitalis efektifuntuk mengobati payah jantung kongestif (PJK). Sedangkan Withering tidak menyadari bahwa ”sakit bengkak” merupakan akibat dari payah jantung. Jika mekanisme kompensasinya gagal dan jaringan perifer serta paru – paru mengalami pembendungan, keadaan ini disebut Payah Jantung Kongestif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Preparat digitalis juga dipakai untuk memperbaiki Fibrilasi Atrial (aritmia jantung dengan kontraksi miokardium aritmia yang cepat dan tidak terkoordinasi) dan Flutter Atrial (aritmia jantung dengan kontraksi yang cepat 200 – 300 denyut per menit [dpm]).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Glikosida Jantung juga disebut sebagai glikosida digitalis. Kelompok obat ini menghambat pompa natrium – kalium; sehingga akan meningkatkan kalsium intraselular, yang menyebabkan serabut otot jantung berkontraksi lebih efisien. Preparat digitalis mempunyai tiga khasiat pada otot jantung yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kerja Inotropik positif (meningkatkan kontraksi miokardium)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kerja Kronotropik negatif (memperlambat denyut jantung)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kerja Dromotropik negatif (mengurangi hantaran sel – sel jantung)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Glikosida Jantung <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Jenis Obat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Digitalis Masa Kerja Cepat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Digoksin (Lanoxin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : mula – mula 0,5 – 1 mg dalam 2 dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in 311.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">R : 0,125 – 0,5 mg/hari <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Lansia : 0,125 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A (2-10th) : PO : 0,02 – 0,04 mg/kg dalam dosis terbagi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">R : 0,012 mg/kg/hari dalam dosis terbagi 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : sama seperti oral<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A : IV : dosis bervariasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk PJK, aritmia atrial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Denyut nadi yang lambat menunjukkan toksisitas digitalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar terapeutik serium adalah 0,5 – 2 ng/mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pengikatan pada protein adalah 25%; t½ adalah 30 – 45 jam <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Deslanosid (Cedilanid-D)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : 1,2 – 1,6 mg/hari dalam dosisterbagi 1- 2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk digitalisasi cepat; diikuti dengan digoksin atau digitoksin oral; t½ adalah 36 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Digitalis Masa Kerja Panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Digitoksin (Crystodigin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : IV : mula – mula 0,8 – 1,2 mg/hari, sama seperti DP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">R : D : PO : 0,05 – 0,3 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.5pt; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk PJK.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.5pt; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar terapeutik serum adalah 15 – 30 ng/mL.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 184.5pt; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pengikatan pada protein sebesar 95%; t½ adalah 5 – 7 hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Inotropik Positif : Bipiridin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amrinon (Inocor)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : DP : 0,75 mg/kg dalam 2 – 3 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : M : 5 – 10 µg/kg/menit (tidak melampaui 10 mg/kg/hari)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt 2.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk PJK jika digoksin dan diuretik tidak efektif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Keteranagan :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;"><span lang="SV">D : dewasa, A : anak – anak, PO : per oral, IV : intravena, DP : dosis pembebanan, R : dosis rumitan, t½ : waktu paruh, PJK : payah jantung kongestif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Interaksi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Obat : diuretik yang mengeluarkan kalium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Elektrolit : hipokalemia, hipomagnesemia, dan hiperkalsemia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Makanan : makanan berserat tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Efek Terapeutik :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meningkatkan kontraksi jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meningkatkan sirkulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meningkatkan perfusi jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Efek Samping : <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Anoreksia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mual <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Reaksi Yang Merugikan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Muntah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Aritmia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Ilusi penglihatan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penglihatan kabur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Toksisitas Digitalis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Overdosis atau akumulasi digoksin dapat menyebabkan toksisitas digitalis. Tanda – tanda dan gejala – gejalanya adalah Anoreksia, Diare, Mual dan muntah, Bradikardia (denyut nadi kurang dari 60 kali per menit(dpm)) dan Takikardia (>120dpm), Kontraksi ventrikel prematur, Aritmia jantung, Sakit kepala, Amalise, Penglihatan kabur, Ilusi penghilatan (halo putih, hijau, kuning di sekitar objek), Bingung, dan Delirium. Orang lanjut usia lebih rentan terhadap toksisitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Antiangina<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Obat – obat antiangina dipakai untuk jantung mengobati Angina Pektoris (nyeri jantung yang mendadak akibat tidak cukupnya aliran darah karena adanya sumbatan pada arteri koroner yang menuju jantung). Angina Pektoris adalah kondisi yang paling sering melibatkan iskemia jaringan di mana obat – obat vasodilator digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Angina Pektoris pertama kali dijelaskan sebagai suatu penyakit klinis tersendiri oleh William Heberden di akhir pertengahan abad ke 18. Pada pertengahan kedua abad ke 19 ditemukan bahwa amil nitrit memberikan penyembuhan yang sementara. Tetapi, pengobatan yang efektifterhadap serangan akut angina pektoris baru mungkin setelah diperkenalkan nitrogliseri pada tahun 1879.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Sebagian besar pasien angina pektoris diobati dengan beta-bloker atatu antagonis kalsium. Meskipun demikian, senyawa nitrat kerja singkat, masih berperan penting untuk tindakan prefilaksis sebelum kerja fisik dan untuk nyeri dada yang terjadi sewaktu istirahat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Golongan nitrat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Senyawa nitrat bekerja langsung merelaksasi oto polos pembuluh vena, tanpa bergantung pada sistem persarafan miokardium. Dilatasi vena menyebabkan alir balik vena berkurang sehingga mengurangi beban hulu jantung. Selain itu, senyawa nitrat juga merupakan vasodilator koroner yang poten <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Gliseril trinitrat, kodenya 7-240 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Isosorbid dinitrat, kodenya 7-242 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Isosorbid mononitrat, kodenya 7-242 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pentaeritritol tetranitrat, kodenya 7-241 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Golongan antagonis kalsium <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Antagonis kalsium bekerja dengan cara menghambat influks ion kalsium transmembran, yaitu mengurangi masuknya ion kalsium melalui kanal kalsium lambat ke dalam sel otot polo, otot jantung dan saraf. Berkurangnya kadar kalsium bebas di dalam sel-sel tersebut menyebabkan berkurangnya kontraksi otot polos pembuluh darah (vasodilatasi), kontraksi otot jantung (inotropik negatif), serta pembentukan dan konduksi impuls dalam jantung (kronotropik dan dromotropik negatif). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amplidipin besilat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diltiazem hidroklorida <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Nikardipin hidroklorida <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Nifedipin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Nimodipin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo45; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Golongan beta-bloker <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Obat-obat penghambat adrenoseptor beta (beta-bloker) menghambat adrenoseptor-beta di jantung, pembuluh darah perifer, bronkus, pankreas, dan hati. Saat ini banyak tersedia beta-bloker yang pada umumnya menunjukkan efektifitas yang sama. Namun, terdapat perbedaanperbedaan diantara berbagai beta-bloker, yang akan mempengaruhi pilihan dalam mengobati penyakit atau pasien tertentu. Beta-bloker dapat mencetuskan asma dan efek ini berbahaya. Karena itu, harus dihindarkan pada pasien dengan riwayat asma atau penyakit paru obstruktif menahun. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Propranolol hidroklorida, kodenya 7-138 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Asebutolol, kodenya 7-138 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Atenolol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Betaksolol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bisoprolol fumarat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Karvedilol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Labetalol hidrklorida, kodenya 7-268 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Metoprolol tartrat, kodenya 7-208 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Nadolol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Oksprenolol hidroklorida, kodenya 7-201 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pindolol <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sotalol hidroklorida, kodenya 7-208<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/">http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/</a> 11/Desember/2010<span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Antidisritmia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Distritmia (aritmia) jantung didefinisikan sebagai setiap penyimpangan frekuensi atau pola denyut jantung yang normal; termasuk denyut jantung terlalu lambat (bradikardia), terlalu cepat (takikardia), atau tidak teratur. Istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">disritmia</i> (irama jantung yang terganggu) dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">aritmia</i> (tidak ada irama) seringkali dipakai berganti – ganti, walaupun artinya sedikit berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Disritmia atrium mencegah pengisian yang tepat dari ventikel dan penurunan curah jantung sebanyak sepertiga. Disritmia ventikel bisa membahayakan jiwa karena pengisian ventikel yang tidak efektif menyebabkan curah jantung berkurang atau habis sama sekali. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Disritmia jantung seringkali diikuti oleh infark miokardium (serangan jantung) atau dapat timbul dari hipoksia (kekurangan oksigen pada jaringan tubuh), hiperkapsia (meningkatnya kerbon dioksiada dalam darah), kelebihan katekolamin, atau ketidakseimbangan elektrolit. Kerja yang diharapkan dari obat antidisritmia adalah pemulihan irama jantung, yang bisa dicapai dengan berbagai cara.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Mekanisme Kerja :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menghambat perangsangan adrenergik dari jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menekan eksitabilitas dan kontraktilitas dari miokardium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menurunkan kecepatan hantaran pada jaringan jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meningkatkan masa pemulihan (repolarisasi) dari miokardium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Menekan otomatisitas (depolarisasi spontan untuk memulai denyutan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Antidisritmia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Jenis Obat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">IA : Penghambat Rantai (Natrium) Cepat I<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Quinidin Sulfat (Cin-Quin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 200 – 400 mg, t.i.d. atau q.i.d.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">A : PO : 30 mg/kg atau 900 mg/m<sup>2</sup> dalam dosis terbagi 5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia artium, ventikel, dan supraventrikel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar terapeutik serum : 2 – 6 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Interaksi obat : meningkatkan kerja digoksin; t½ : 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Prokainamid (Pronestyl, Procan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : O : 250 – 500 mg, setiap 4 – 6 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.5in; tab-stops: 99.0pt 2.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">SR : 250 mg – 1 g, setiap 6 jam atau 50 mg/kg dalam dosis terbagi 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia atrium dan ventrikel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mempunyai efek hipotensi yang lebih ringan daripada quinidin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pengikatan pada protein sebanyak 20%; t½ : 3,5 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kbagiadar terapeutik serum : 4 – 8 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Disopiramid (Norpace)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 100 – 200 mg, setiap 6 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A (4-2 th) : PO : 10 -15 mg/kg dalam dosis ter<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dapat menyebabkan gejala – gejala antikolinergik; t½ : 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar terapeutik serum : 3 – 8 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">IB : Penghambat Rantai (Natrium) Cepat II<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Lidokain (Xylocaine)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : dosis bervariasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel pada keadaan gawat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan B; t½ : 1,5 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Batas terapeutik serum ; 1,5 – 6 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Fenitoin (Dilantin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : 100 mg, setiap 5 – 10 menit sampai disritmia berhenti; dosis maksimum adalah 1000 mg <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel akibat digitalis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Tidak disetujui oleh FDA sebagai obat disritmia<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar serum <20 mikrogram/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Tokainid (Tonocard)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 400 mg, setiap 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel, terutama (KVP) kontraksi ventrikel prematur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Serupa dengan lidokain kecuali dalam bentuk oral<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pengikatan pada protein sebanyak 15%; t½ : 11 – 15 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar serum terapeutik : 4 – 10 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meksiletin (Mexitil)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 200 – 400 mg, setiap 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel, tetapi dapat menimbulkan disritmia ventrikel baru<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Disetujui oleh FDA pada keadaan yang mengancam jiwa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Enkandin (Enkaid)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 2 mg, setiap 8 jam; dapat ditingkatkan sampai 50-75 mg setiap 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikular, tapi dapat menyebabkan disritmia ventrikular baru<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Disetujui FDA untuk situasi yang mengancam jiwa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">II : Penghambat Beta<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Propranolol (Inderal)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 10 – 30 mg, t.i.d., q.i.d. (setiap 6 – 8 jam)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Bulos IV : 0,5 – 3 mg pada 1 mg/menit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk disritmia ventrikel, takikardia artial paroksismal, dan denyut ektopik atrium dan ventrikel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Asebutolol (Sectral)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 200 mg, b.i.d., dosis dapat dinaikkan secara bertahap<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Terutama untuk kontraksi ventrikel prematur<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penghambat β yang baru mempengaruhi reseptor β<sub>1</sub> pada jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan B<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dapat menyebabkanbradikardia dan merununkan curah jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">III : Obat – obat yang Memperpanjang Repolarisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bretilium (Bretylol)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IM : 5 – 10 mg/kg, setiap 6 – 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">IV : 5 – 10 mg/kg, ulangi dalam 15 menit, tetes IV atau bolus IV<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk takikardi dan fibrilasi ventrikel (untuk mengubah menjadi ritme sinus yang normal)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l83 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: 99.0pt 171.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dipakai jika lidokain dan prokainamid tidak efektif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amiodaron (Cordarone)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : DP : 400 – 1600 mg/hari dalam dosis terbagi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">R : 200 – 600 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia ventrikel yang mengancam nyawa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mula – mula dosis lebih besar dan kemudian diturunkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l72 level1 lfo40; tab-stops: 99.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar serum : 1 – 2,5 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">IV : Penghambat Rantai (Kalsium) Lambat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Verapamil (Calan)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 240 – 480 mg/hari dalam dosis terbagi 3 – 4<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">IV : 5 – 10 mg IV yang didorong<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk disritmia supraventrikel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kategori kehamilan C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 171.0pt; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: 99.0pt 135.0pt 153.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kadar terapeutik serum : 80 – 300 ng/mL atau 0,08 – 0,3 µg/mL<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">2)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV"> Interaksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 99.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Warfarin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 99.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Fenitoin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 99.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Simertidin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 99.0pt 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat – obat Antihipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">3)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Efek Terapeutik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Melambatkan hantaran jaringan jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Megubah efek katekolamin pada jantung – mengurangi eksitabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">4)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Efek Samping<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Letih<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sakit kepala<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pusing <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">5)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Reaksi Yang Merugikan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Hipotensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Blok AV<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dispnea<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Rentensi urin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Diuretik dan Obat – Obat Antihipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 27.0pt .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Diuretik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Diuretika golongan tiazid digunakan untuk mengurangi edema akibat gagal jantung dan dengan dosis yang lebih rendah, untuk menurunkan tekanan darah. Diuretika kuat digunakan untuk edema paru akibat gagal jantung kiri dan pada pasien dengan gagal jantung yang sudah lama dan kombinasi diuretika mungkin selektif untuk edema yang resisten terhadap pengobatan dengan satu diuretika, misalnya diuretika kuat dapat dikombinasi dengan diuretika hemat kalium. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika golongan tiazid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Tiazid dan senyawa-senyawa terkaitnya merupakan diuretika dengan potensi sedang, yang bekerja dengan cara menghambat reabsorpsi natrium pada bagian awal tubulus distal. Mula kerja diuretika golongan ini setelah pemberian peroral lebih kurang 1-2 jam, sedangkan masa kerjanya 12-24 jam. Lazimnya tiazid diberikan pada pagi hari agar diuretika tidak mengganggu tidur pasien. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bendrofluazid, kodenya 7-434 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klortalidon, kodenya 7-430 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Hidroklortiazid, kodenya 7-433 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Indapamid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Metolazon <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Xipamid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika kuat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Diuretika kuat digunakan dalam pengobatan edema paru akibat gagal jantung kiri. Pemberian intravena mengurangi sesak nafas dan prabeban lebih cepat dari mula kerja diuresisnya. Diuretika ini juga digunakan pada pasien gagal jantung yang telah berlangsung lama. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 112.5pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Frusemid, kodenya 7-431 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 112.5pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bumetanid, kodenya 7-438 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 112.5pt; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Torasemid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Diuretika Kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Asam Etakrinat (Edecrin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 50 – 200 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : 0,5 – 1 mg/kg/dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A : PO : 25 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk edema paru – paru dan perifer akibat PJK<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis ulangan tidak dianjurkan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Furosemid (Laxis)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 20 – 80 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">IV : 20 – 40 mg, disuntikan perlahan – lahan selama 1 – 2 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Maks : 600 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk edema paru – paru dan perifer akibat PJK, hipertensi, payah ginjal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tanpa</i> anuria, dan hiperkalsemia.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Furosemid meningkatkan ekskresi kalsium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bumetanid (Bumex)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 0,5 – 2 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Maks : 10 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : 0,5 – 0,1 mg/dosis, dapat diulangi 2 – 4 jam kemudian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A : PO : 0,015 mg/kg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sama seperti furomesid.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat lebih kuat dari fuorsemid. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika hemat kalium <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Amilorid dan triamteren merupakan diuretika yang lemah. Keduanya menyebabkan retensi kalium dan karenanya digunakan sebagai alternatif yang lebih efektif daripada memberikan suplemen kalium pada pangguna tiazid atau diuretika kuat. Suplemen kalium tidak boleh diberikan bersama diuretika hemat kalium. Juga penting untuk diingat bahwa pemberian diuretka hemat kalium pada seorang pasien yang menerima suatu penghambat ACE dapat menyebabkan hiperkalemia yang berat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amilorid hidroklorida, kodenya 7-450 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antagonis aldosteron, kodenya 7-443 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo58; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sprironolakton, kodenya 7-443 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Diuretika Hemat Kalium<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretik Agen-Tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amilorid (Midamor)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 5 – 10 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk edema dan hipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Spironolakton (Aldactone)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 25 – 200 mg/hari dalam dosis terbagi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A : PO : 3,3 mg/kg/hari dalam dosis terbagi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk edema dan hipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis untuk hipertensi biasanya sedikit lebih rendah dari yang di gunakan untuk edema<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo63; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mempunyai masa kerja yang panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo60; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Triamteren (Dyrenium)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 100 mg, b.i.d., tidak melebihi 300 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk edema akibat PJK, sirosis, nefrosis, dan edema akibat steroid<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat diminum bersama makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretik masa kerja sedang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo59; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kombinasi Diuretik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Amilorid dan Hidroklorotiazid (Moduretic)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : Sesuai dengan resep<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Setiap tablet mengandung amilorid HCl 5 mg dan hidroklrorotiazid 25 mg atau 50 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Spironolakton dan Hidroklorotiazid (Aldacazide)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 100 mg/hari<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pamakaian dan Pertimbangan : Tersedia dalam dua kekuatan ; spironolaktin 25 mg atau 50 mg dan hidroklrorotiazid 25 mg atau 50 mg<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Triamteren dan Hidroklorotiazid (Dyazide, Maxzide)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : Dyazide 1-2 kap, b.i.d., p.c.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo62; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo77; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dyazide : setiap tablet mengandung triamiteren 50 mg dan hidroklrorotiazid 25 mg.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.25in; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo77; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Maxzide tersedia dalam dua kekuatan : triamteren 37,5 mg atau 75 mg dan hidroklrorotiazid 50 mg atau 75 mg.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika merkuri <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Meskipun efektif, diuretika merkuri sekarang hampir tidak pernah digunakan karena efek nefrotoksisitasnya. Mersalil harus diberikan lewat injeksi intramuskuler. Penggunaan intravena dapat menyebabkan hipotensi berat dan kematian mendadak. Obat ini sudah absolete dan telah diganti dengan loop diuretic yang jauh lebih aman. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mersalil, kodenya 7-402 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika osmotik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Diuretika golongan ini jarang digunakan pada gagal jantung karena mungkin meningkatkan volume darah secara akut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Manitol, kodenya 7-441<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Diuretik Osmotik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mannitol (Osmitrol)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : (TIK,TIO : 1,5 – 2,0 g/kg dari larutan 15 – 25 %, diinfus dalam 30 – 60 menit<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">IV : pencegahan oliguria : 50 – 100 g dari larutan 5 – 25 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">Pengobatan oliguria : IV : 300 – 400 dari larutan 20 % atau 25%<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk menurunkan TIK dan pada oliguria untuk mencegah gagal ginjal akut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo80; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dipakai pada glaukoma sudut sempit.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Urea (Ureaphil)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : IV : 1,0 – 1,5 g/kg dari larutan 30 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">A (> 2 th) : IV : 0,5 – 1,5 g/kg dari larutan 30 %<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 135.0pt; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertibangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo81; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Sama pemakaian seperti pada mennitol.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo81; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bukan merupakan obat pilihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 153.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo81; tab-stops: 27.0pt 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dipakai pada operasi yang berlangsung lama untuk mencegah gagal ginjal akut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diuretika penghambat enzim karbonik anhidrase <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Diuretika penghambat enzim karbonik anhidrase (asetazolamid) merupakan diyretika yang lemah dan jarang digunakan berdasarkan efek diuretikanya. Obat ini digunakan untuk profilaksis mountain sicknesstetapi tidak menggantikan aklimatisasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Asetazolamid, kodenya 7-420 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l84 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dorzolamid <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klasifikasi Penghambat Anhidrase Karbonik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Azetolamid (Diamox)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 250 mg, b.i.d atau q.i.d<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">IV : 250 – 500 mg/hari ; dosis bervariasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Untuk glaukoma sudut terbuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dapat meningkatkan kadar gula darah, asam urat, dan kalsium.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo85; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV"> Dapat timbul asidosis metabolik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Diklorfelamid (daranid)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 100 mg/setiap 12 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">R : 25 – 50 mg, b.i.d., t.i.d.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo84; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk glaukoma terbuka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo83; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Metazolamid (Neptazane)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo82; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Dosis<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV">D : PO : 50 – 100 mg, b.i.d. atau t.i.d.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo82; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Pemakaian dan Pertimbangan : Untuk glaukoma<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">g.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kombinasi diuretika <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Disamping penambahan satu golongan diuretika pada diuretika yang lain, kekhawatiran terjadinya hipokalemia atau ketidakpatuhan pasien meningkatkan penggunaan kombinasi dengan diuretika hemat kalium. Bila digunakan untuk hipertens, perhatian khusus harus dicurahkan pada dosis tiazidnya, dimana dosis yang lebih rendah lebih dianjurkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Antihipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Hipertensi adalah kenaikan tekanan darah arteri melebihi normal dan kenaikan ini bertahan. Menurut WHO, tidak tergantung pada usia. Hipertensi mungkin dapat diturunkan dengan terapi tanpa obat (non-farmakoterapi) tau terapi dengan obat (farmakoterapi). Semua pasien, tanpa memperhatikan apakah terapi dengan oabt dibutuhkan, sebaiknya dipertimbangkan untuk terapi tanpa obat. Caranya dengan mengendalikan bobot badan, pembatasan masukan sodium, lemak jenuh, dan alkohol serta pertisipasi dalam program olah raga dan tidak merokok. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penghambat saraf adrenergik <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Obat dolongan ini bekerja dengan cara mencegah pelepasan noradrenalin dari pasca ganglion saraf adrenergik. Obat-obat golongan ini tidak mengendalikan tekanan darah berbaring dan dapat menyebabkan hipotensi postural. Karena itu, obat-obat ini jarang digunakan, tetapi mungkin masih perlu diperlukan bersama terapi lain pada hipertensi yang resisten. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Debrisokuin, kodenya 7-260 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Reserpin, kodenya 7-261 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l49 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Alfa-broker <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Sebagai alfa-broker, prazosin menyebabkan vasodilatasi arteri dan vena sehingga jarang menimbulkan takikardi. Obat ini menurunkan tekanan darah dengan cepat setelah dosis pertama, sehingga harus hati-hati pada pemberian pertama. Untuk pengobatan hipertensi, alfa-broker dapat digunakan bersama obat antihipertensi lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Deksazosin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Indoramin, kodenya 7-138 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Prasozin Hidroklorida, kodenya 7 – 268 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Terazosin <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penghambat enzim pengubah anglotensin (penghambat ACE) <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Pengambat ACE bekerja dengan cara menghambat pengubahan angiotensin I menjadi angiotensin II. Obat-obat golongan ini efektif dan pada umumnya dapat ditoleransi dengan baik. Obat-obat golongan ini terutama diindikasikan untuk hipertensi pada diabetes tergantung insulin dengan nefropati, dan mungkin untuk hipertensi pada semua pasien diabetes. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kaptopropril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Benazepril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Delapril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Enalapril maleat <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Fisonopril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Perinopril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Kuinapril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Ramipril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Silazapril <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">d.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Sifatnya mirip penghambat ACE, bedanya adalah obat-obat golongan ini tidak menghambat pemecahan bradikin dan kinin-kinin lainnya, sehingga tampaknya tidak menimbulkan batuk kering parsisten yang biasanya mengganggu terapi dengan penghambat ACE. Karena itu, obat-obat golongan ini merupakan alternatif yang berguna untuk pasien yang harus menghentikan penghambat ACE akibat batuk yang parsisten. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo72; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Losaktan kalium <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo72; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Valsatran <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">e.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat-obat untuk feokromositoma <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Fenoksibanzamin adalah alfa-broker kuat dengan banyak efek samping. Obat ini digunakan bersama bata-bloker untuk pengobtan jangka pendek episode hipertensi berat pada feokromositoma. Fentolamin adalah alfa-broker kerja pendek yang kadang-kadang juga digunakan untuk diagnosis feokromositoma. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Fenoksibanzamin, kodenya 7-134 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Fentolamin, kodenya 7-130 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV">f.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat antihipertensi yang bekerja sentral. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span lang="SV">Kelompok ini termasuk metildopa, yang mempunyai keuntungan karena aman bagi pasien asma, gagal jantung, dan kehamilan. Efek sampingnya diperkecil jika dosis perharinya dipertahankan tetap dibawah 1 g. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Klobidin hidroklorida, kodenya 7-263 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Metildopa, kodenya 7-262 <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l56 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Guanfasin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 27.0pt .5in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/">http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/</a> 11/Desember/2010<span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi Obat – Obat Yang Secra Klinis Bermakna<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: -8.1pt; width: 654px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt;">Kelompok Obat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt;">Dapat Berinteraksi Dengan Obat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt;">Mekanisme Interaksi dan Efeknya<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Antihipertensi<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Tipe Adrenergik blokking :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Bethadine Debrisoquine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Clonidine<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV">c.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Methyldopa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo43; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV">Glikosuta Jantung<o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Digoxin Digitoxin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .3in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo42; tab-stops: .3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Lanatoside C<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antidepresan Trisiklik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 17.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Metaraminol, Ephedrine. Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamin dalam obat flu.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat antiobesitas (kecuali Fenfluramin)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">MAO Inhibitor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Beta – blokker<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antidepresan trisiklik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Propenolol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">MAO Inhibitor<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antacida gel<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antiaritmia (Quinidine, Amiodarone)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Calcium anatgonis, terutama Verapamil<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Cholestryramine, Colestipol<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 8.1pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 8.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Obat – obat yang menyebabkan deplesi Kalium : Diuretika (Frusemide, Ethacrynic acid, Chlorthalidone). Penggunanan laksans yang berlebihan, Cortikosteroid, Carbenoxolone<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penghambatan efek hipotensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peningkatan efek presor dari simpatomimetika. Penurunan pembalikan efek hipotensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peningkatan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antagonisme : peningkatan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penambahan efek hipotensi. Hentikan Clonidine sebelum terapi dengan Beta – blokker<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Antagonisme. Kemungkinan efek sentrl <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Penambahan efek hipotensi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Hilangnya kontol tekanan darah (pening, hipertensi)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mengurangi bioavailabilitas Digoxin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peningkatan bermakna kadar serum Digoxin dengan bahaya terjadi intoksikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Peningkatan bermakna kadar serum Digoxin<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Mengikat pada Digoxin, menghambat absorpsi dan reabsorpsi dari usus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 12.6pt; mso-list: l62 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Meningkatan sensitivitas terhadap Digitalis karena hipokalemia. Dapat menyebabkan keracunan Digitalis<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Ruhyanudin, Faqih, S.Kep.,Ners. 2007. Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Dengan Gangguan Sistem Kardiovaskuler. Edisi Revisi. Malang: UMM Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Lee, Joyce L. dan Hayes, Evelyn R.. 1996. Farmakologi Pendekatan Proses Keperawatan. Jakarta: EGC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Katzung, Bertram G.. 1998. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Edisi VI. Jakarta: EGC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="SV">Joenoes, Nanizar Z.. 2002. ARS Prescribendi Resep Yang Rasional. Edisi 3. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l85 level1 lfo86; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><a href="http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/">http://yoyoke.web.ugm.ac.id/download/farmakologi.pdf/</a> 11/Desember/2010<span lang="SV"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Erwin Syafitarini Ningsihhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05336291296349872893noreply@blogger.com1